Pagination

Note: APIs and configuration knobs may change in future releases.

This is useful when:

The result set is large and you want to limit memory usage on the client.
An application UI needs paged navigation through query results (tables, graphs, drilldowns).
You want simpler application logic for scrolling or pagination instead of manually managing LIMIT/OFFSET in SQL.

Pagination should be used through the StarTree Cloud Proxy service only.

How Pagination Work

A pagination-enabled query follows this lifecycle:

A query is executed once on the cluster.
The full result set is stored in a temporary result store.
The first page of results is returned as part of the query response.
The client then iterates through the results by calling pagination API with:
- offset (start row)
- numRows (page size)
The client can:
- Move forward or backward in the result set.
- Change page size (numRows) between calls.

Result Store

The Result Store is responsible for storing query results for pagination-based access. Supported storage options:

memory
file (local filesystem or deep store such as S3/GCS, depending on configuration)
s3
gcs

Important

memory is not suitable for production.

memory and local filesystem storage do not work well with more than one broker, because pagination requests may be routed to brokers that do not hold the result set.

Configuration

Result Store Configuration

These configurations control where and how query results are stored.

Configuration	Default	Description
`pinot.broker.pagination.protocol`	`memory`	Protocol to use for storage (`memory`, `file`, `s3`, `gcs`).
`pinot.broker.pagination.temp.dir`	`/tmp/pinot/query/broker`	Local filesystem directory for temporary files.
`pinot.broker.pagination.<protocol>`	—	Configuration prefix for options required by the chosen protocol.

Example: Local File Storage

pinot.broker.pagination.protocol=file
pinot.broker.pagination.temp.dir=/tmp/pinot/broker/query
pinot.broker.pagination.file.data.dir=file:///home/pinot/data/query

Example: File Storage Using S3

pinot.broker.storage.factory.s3.region=us-west-2
pinot.broker.storage.factory.class.s3=org.apache.pinot.plugin.filesystem.S3PinotFS
pinot.broker.pagination.protocol=file
pinot.broker.pagination.temp.dir=/tmp/pinot/broker/query_results
pinot.broker.pagination.file.data.dir=s3://bucket/dir/query-results/

Storage Cleaner

StarTree supports two cleanup mechanisms:

PaginationCleaner (Time-Based Cleanup)

PaginationCleaner is a periodic job that runs on the controller and deletes query results older than a configured TTL. It must be able to call all brokers and therefore needs appropriate authentication configuration.

Example:

controller.cluster.pagination.cleaner.frequencyPeriod=1h
controller.admin.auth.provider.class=org.apache.pinot.common.auth.UrlAuthProvider
controller.admin.auth.url=file:///var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token

Miscellaneous Settings

These settings control the default page size and expiry behavior for queries.

Configuration	Default	Description
`pinot.broker.query.page.size`	10000	Page size if `numRows` is not specified in API calls.
`pinot.broker.pagination.expiration`	1h	Time after which a query result will be deleted.
`controller.cluster.pagination.cleaner.frequencyPeriod`	1h	Frequency of the periodic task that deletes expired results.
`controller.cluster.pagination.cleaner.initialDelay`	random	Initial delay before the first run of the cleaner task.

Quota-Based Storage Cleaner

The Quota-Based Storage Cleaner automatically cleans up temporary query result storage when disk usage exceeds a configured limit. This prevents broker nodes from running out of disk due to:

Long-running queries
Many concurrent cursor queries
Large result sets

Cleanup Behavior

Removes expired results first.
If storage is still above the target threshold, it cleans additional data based on size.

Note: Configuration for this feature can be updated without restarting the broker.

Example Configuration

{
  "pinot.broker.pagination.file.enableStorageCleaner": "true",
  "pinot.broker.pagination.file.maxStoragePerBrokerMB": "1024",
  "pinot.broker.pagination.file.criticalStorageThresholdPercent": "90",
  "pinot.broker.pagination.file.targetStorageThresholdPercent": "60"
}

Configuration Parameters

Configuration	Default	Description
`pinot.broker.pagination.file.enableStorageCleaner`	`false`	Enables or disables the storage cleaner.
`pinot.broker.pagination.file.maxStoragePerBrokerMB`	`1024`	Maximum storage quota for query results per broker (in MB).
`pinot.broker.pagination.file.criticalStorageThresholdPercent`	`90`	Cleanup is triggered when usage exceeds this percentage of the max quota.
`pinot.broker.pagination.file.targetStorageThresholdPercent`	`60`	Cleaner attempts to reduce storage to this percentage of the max quota.

User APIs

Submit a Cursor-Enabled Query

Endpoint

POST /query/sql

Query Parameters

doPaginate (boolean): Enables cursor-based pagination when true.
numRows (int, optional): Number of rows to return in the first page.

Example Request

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
  -d '{"sql":"select * from upsertMeetupRsvpLLC limit 10"}' \
  "http://localhost:8099/query/sql?doPaginate=true&numRows=1"

Example Response (truncated)

{
  "resultTable": {
    "dataSchema": {
      "columnNames": ["event_id", "mtime"],
      "columnDataTypes": ["STRING", "TIMESTAMP"]
    },
    "rows": [
      [
        "event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_3461491536",
        "2023-03-10 22:18:46.394"
      ]
    ]
  },
  "requestId": "1599500010000000000",
  "brokerId": "Broker_dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-0.dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-headless.managed.svc.cluster.local_8099",
  "numRowsResultSet": 10,
  "offset": 0,
  "nextOffsetParams": "offset=1&numRows=1",
  "numRows": 1,
  "exceptions": []
}

Iterate Over Results

Endpoint

GET /query/{requestId}/results

Query Parameters

offset (int, required): Start offset of the page.
numRows (int, optional): Number of rows in this page. Defaults to pinot.broker.query.page.size.

Example Request

curl -X GET \
  "http://localhost:8099/query/1599500010000000000/results?offset=1&numRows=1"
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \\
  -H "Authorization: Bearer <redacted>" \\
  -H "FORWARD_HOST: <broker.host.name>" \\
  -H "FORWARD_PORT: 8099"

Example Response (truncated)

{
  "resultTable": {
    "dataSchema": {
      "columnNames": ["event_id", "mtime"],
      "columnDataTypes": ["STRING", "TIMESTAMP"]
    },
    "rows": [
      [
        "event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_event_id_3458370505",
        "2023-03-11 01:57:26.394"
      ]
    ]
  },
  "requestId": "1599500010000000000",
  "brokerId": "Broker_dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-0.dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-headless.managed.svc.cluster.local_8099",
  "numRowsResultSet": 10,
  "offset": 1,
  "nextOffsetParams": "offset=2&numRows=1",
  "numRows": 1,
  "exceptions": []
}

Cursor Fields

requestId: Unique ID for the query
offset: First record in current response
numRows: Number of rows in this page
nextOffsetParams: Pre-filled query parameters for the next page

Iterate Over Results for Local Filesystem

When using the broker’s local filesystem as the result store, the StarTree Cloud Proxy must route calls to the correct broker. Each response includes:

brokerHost
brokerPort

These must be included as request headers in subsequent pagination calls: Initial Query Request

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
  -d '{"sql":"select * from upsertMeetupRsvpLLC limit 10"}' \
  "http://<proxy>/query/sql?doPaginate=true&numRows=1"

Example Response Fragment

{
  "brokerHost": "broker.host.name",
  "brokerPort": 8443
}

Subsequent Pagination Request

curl -X GET "http://<proxy>/query/1599500010000000000/results?offset=1&numRows=1"
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \\
    -H "Authorization: Bearer <redacted>" \\
    -H "FORWARD_HOST: <broker.host.name>" \\
    -H "FORWARD_PORT: 8443"

Retrieve Query Metadata

Endpoint

GET /query/{requestId}/metadata

Example Request

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET \
  "http://localhost:8099/query/1599500010000000000/metadata"

Example Response (truncated) This returns the broker response metadata for the query, such as:

[
  {
    "requestId": "1599500010000000000",
    "brokerId": "Broker_dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-0.dogfood-newer-pinot-broker-headless.managed.svc.cluster.local_8099",
    "exceptions": [],
    "numServersQueried": 1,
    "numServersResponded": 1,
    "numSegmentsQueried": 24,
    "numSegmentsProcessed": 22,
    "numSegmentsMatched": 2,
    "numConsumingSegmentsQueried": 2,
    "numConsumingSegmentsProcessed": 2,
    "numConsumingSegmentsMatched": 0,
    "numDocsScanned": 20,
    "numEntriesScannedInFilter": 0,
    "numEntriesScannedPostFilter": 40,
    "numGroupsLimitReached": false,
    "maxRowsInJoinReached": false,
    "totalDocs": 10030562,
    "timeUsedMs": 416,
    "offlineThreadCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "realtimeThreadCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "offlineSystemActivitiesCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "realtimeSystemActivitiesCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "offlineResponseSerializationCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "realtimeResponseSerializationCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "offlineTotalCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "realtimeTotalCpuTimeNs": 0,
    "brokerReduceTimeMs": 12,
    "segmentStatistics": [],
    "traceInfo": {},
    "partialResult": false,
    "numRowsResultSet": 0,
    "minConsumingFreshnessTimeMs": 1715864004434,
    "explainPlanNumEmptyFilterSegments": 0,
    "numSegmentsPrunedByServer": 2,
    "numSegmentsPrunedInvalid": 0,
    "numSegmentsPrunedByLimit": 0,
    "numSegmentsPrunedByValue": 0,
    "explainPlanNumMatchAllFilterSegments": 0,
    "numSegmentsPrunedByBroker": 0
  }
]

Admin APIs

List Stored Query Results

Endpoint

GET /query/resultStore

Example Request

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET \
  "http://localhost:8099/query/resultStore/"

Example Response (truncated)

{
  "resultMetadataList": [
    {
      "requestId": "1599500010000000000",
      "brokerId": "Broker.local_8099",
      "submissionTimeMs": 1715864073212,
      "expirationTimeMs": 1715864076812,
      "responseMetadata": [
        {
          "type": "fs",
          "numRows": 10,
          "dataFile": "s3://.../query-results//1599500010000000000/resultTable_0.json",
          "metadataFile": "s3://.../query-results//1599500010000000000/response_0.json"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Delete Query Results

Endpoint

DELETE /query/resultStore/{requestId}

Example Request

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X DELETE \
  "http://localhost:8099/query/resultStore/1599500010000000000"

Example Response

Query Results for 1599500010000000000 deleted.

Get Started

Ingestion

External Tables

Query Data

Manage Data

Observability

Visualize Data

Cluster Operations

Manage Security

Release Notes

Reference

Result Store

Configuration

Result Store Configuration

Example: Local File Storage

Example: File Storage Using S3

Storage Cleaner

PaginationCleaner (Time-Based Cleanup)

Example:

Miscellaneous Settings

Quota-Based Storage Cleaner

Cleanup Behavior

Example Configuration

Configuration Parameters

User APIs

Submit a Cursor-Enabled Query

Iterate Over Results

Iterate Over Results for Local Filesystem

Retrieve Query Metadata

Admin APIs

List Stored Query Results

Delete Query Results

​How Pagination Work

​Result Store

​Configuration

​Result Store Configuration

​Example: Local File Storage

​Example: File Storage Using S3

​Storage Cleaner

​PaginationCleaner (Time-Based Cleanup)

​Example:

​Miscellaneous Settings

​Quota-Based Storage Cleaner

​Cleanup Behavior

​Example Configuration

​Configuration Parameters

​User APIs

​Submit a Cursor-Enabled Query

​Iterate Over Results

​Iterate Over Results for Local Filesystem

​Retrieve Query Metadata

​Admin APIs

​List Stored Query Results

​Delete Query Results

How Pagination Work

Result Store

Configuration

Result Store Configuration

Example: Local File Storage

Example: File Storage Using S3

Storage Cleaner

PaginationCleaner (Time-Based Cleanup)

Example:

Miscellaneous Settings

Quota-Based Storage Cleaner

Cleanup Behavior

Example Configuration

Configuration Parameters

User APIs

Submit a Cursor-Enabled Query

Iterate Over Results

Iterate Over Results for Local Filesystem

Retrieve Query Metadata

Admin APIs

List Stored Query Results

Delete Query Results